Topic: Biography (Page 27)

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πŸ”— Fravia

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Computing

Francesco Vianello (30 August 1952 – 3 May 2009), better known by his nickname Fravia (sometimes +Fravia or Fravia+), was a software reverse engineer, and hacker, known for his web archive of reverse engineering techniques and papers. He is also known for his work on steganography. He had taught on subjects such as data mining, anonymity, stalking, klebing, advertisement reversing and ad-busting.

Fravia spoke six languages (including Latin) and had a degree in the history of the early Middle Ages. He was an expert in linguistics-related informatics. For five years he made available a large quantity of material related to reverse engineering through his website, which also hosted the advice of reverse engineering experts, known as reversers, who provided tutorials and essays on how to hack software code as well as advice related to the assembly and disassembly of applications, and software protection reversing.

Fravia was a professor at the High Cracking University (+HCU), founded by Old Red Cracker (+ORC), a legendary figure in reverse engineering, to conduct research into Reverse Code Engineering. The addition of the "+" sign in front of the nickname of a reverser signified membership in the +HCU. His website was known as "+Fravia's Pages of Reverse Engineering" and he used it to challenge programmers as well as the wider society to "reverse engineer" the "brainwashing of a corrupt and rampant materialism". In its heyday, his website was receiving millions of visitors per year and its influence was "widespread".

His web presence dates from 1995 when he first got involved in research related to reverse code engineering (RCE). In 2000 he changed his focus and concentrated on advanced internet search methods and the reverse engineering of search engine code.

His websites "www.fravia.com" and "www.searchlores.org" contained a large amount of specialised information related to data mining. His website "www.searchlores.org" has been called a "very useful instrument for searching the web", and his "www.fravia.com" site has been described as "required reading for any spy wanting to go beyond simple Google searches."

πŸ”— Lord Buckethead

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Comedy πŸ”— Politics πŸ”— Biography/politics and government πŸ”— Politics of the United Kingdom

Lord Buckethead is a satirical political candidate who has stood in four British general elections since 1987, portrayed by several individuals.

The character, an intergalactic villain similar to the Star Wars character Darth Vader, was created by American filmmaker Todd Durham for his 1984 science fiction film Hyperspace. British video distributor Mike Lee adopted Lord Buckethead to stand in the 1987 UK general election and again in the 1992 general election. The character went unused until comedian Jonathan Harvey stood as Lord Buckethead in the 2017 general election; his televised appearance standing next to prime minister Theresa May went viral, drawing media coverage and an online following.

After the 2017 election, Durham asserted his ownership of the character and displaced Harvey. With Durham's authorisation, Lord Buckethead returned in 2019, now played by David Hughes; he appeared at People’s Vote rallies calling for a second Brexit referendum, and stood in the 2019 general election representing the Monster Raving Loony Party. Harvey also stood, using a new character, Count Binface.

πŸ”— Jadi

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Iran πŸ”— Biography/science and academia πŸ”— Open Access

Amir Emad Mirmirani (Persian: Ψ§Ω…ΫŒΨ±ΨΉΩ…Ψ§Ψ― Ω…ΫŒΨ±Ω…ΫŒΨ±Ψ§Ω†ΫŒ) known by the nickname Jadi, is a programmer, blogger and internet activist in the field of Free and open-source software and Linux in Iran. He was arrested in October 2022 during the Iranian protests following the death of Mahsa Amini.

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πŸ”— Elizabeth Fleischman

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— California πŸ”— California/San Francisco Bay Area πŸ”— Medicine πŸ”— Physics πŸ”— Women scientists πŸ”— Biography/science and academia πŸ”— Women's History πŸ”— Physics/Biographies πŸ”— Medicine/Radiology

Elizabeth Fleischman-Aschheim (nΓ©e Fleischman 5 March 1867 – 3 August 1905) was an American radiographer who is considered an X-ray pioneer. Fleischman was the first woman to die as a result of X-ray radiation exposure.

πŸ”— Cypherpunk

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Cryptography πŸ”— Cryptography/Computer science πŸ”— Numismatics πŸ”— Citizendium Porting

A cypherpunk is any individual advocating widespread use of strong cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies as a route to social and political change. Originally communicating through the Cypherpunks electronic mailing list, informal groups aimed to achieve privacy and security through proactive use of cryptography. Cypherpunks have been engaged in an active movement since at least the late 1980s.

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πŸ”— David Graeber has passed away

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— New York City πŸ”— Biography/science and academia πŸ”— Anthropology πŸ”— Anarchism

David Rolfe Graeber (; February 12, 1961 – September 2, 2020) was an American anthropologist, anarchist activist, and author known for his books Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011), The Utopia of Rules (2015) and Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (2018). He was a professor of anthropology at the London School of Economics.

As an assistant professor and associate professor of anthropology at Yale from 1998 to 2007, Graeber specialized in theories of value and social theory. Yale's decision not to rehire him when he would otherwise have become eligible for tenure sparked an academic controversy. He went on to become, from 2007 to 2013, reader in social anthropology at Goldsmiths, University of London.

His activism includes protests against the 3rd Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in 2001, and at the 2002 World Economic Forum in New York City. Graeber was a leading figure in the Occupy Wall Street movement, and is sometimes credited with having coined the slogan "we are the 99%". He accepted credit for the description "the 99%" but said that others had expanded it into the slogan.

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πŸ”— Great Woman of Mathematics: Marie-Sophie Germain, 1776-1831

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Mathematics πŸ”— France πŸ”— Women scientists πŸ”— Biography/science and academia πŸ”— Women's History πŸ”— Mathematics/Mathematicians

Marie-Sophie Germain (French:Β [maʁi sΙ”fi ʒɛʁmΙ›Μƒ]; 1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library, including ones by Leonhard Euler, and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss (under the pseudonym of Β«Monsieur LeBlancΒ»). One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. Before her death, Gauss had recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but that never occurred. On 27 June 1831, she died from breast cancer. At the centenary of her life, a street and a girls’ school were named after her. The Academy of Sciences established the Sophie Germain Prize in her honor.

πŸ”— Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Biography/science and academia πŸ”— Egypt

Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi (Arabic: ΨͺΩ‚ΩŠ Ψ§Ω„Ψ―ΩŠΩ† Ω…Ψ­Ω…Ψ― Ψ¨Ω† Ω…ΨΉΨ±ΩˆΩ Ψ§Ω„Ψ΄Ψ§Ω…ΩŠβ€Ž, Ottoman Turkish: ΨͺΩ‚ΩŠ Ψ§Ω„Ψ―ΩŠΩ† Ω…Ψ­Ω…Ψ― Ψ¨Ω† Ω…ΨΉΨ±ΩˆΩ Ψ§Ω„Ψ΄Ψ§Ω…ΩŠ Ψ§Ω„Ψ³ΨΉΨ―ΩŠβ€Ž, Turkish: TakiyΓΌddin) (1526-1585) was an Ottoman polymath active in Cairo and Istanbul. He was the author of more than ninety books on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, clocks, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics and natural philosophy.

In 1574 the Ottoman Sultan Murad III invited TaqΔ« ad-DΔ«n to build the Constantinople observatory. Using his exceptional knowledge in the mechanical arts, TaqΔ« ad-DΔ«n constructed instruments like huge armillary and mechanical clocks that he used in his observations of the Great Comet of 1577. He also used European celestial and terrestrial globes that were delivered to Istanbul in gift-exchange.

The major work that resulted from his work in the observatory is titled "The tree of ultimate knowledge [in the end of time or the world] in the Kingdom of the Revolving Spheres: The astronomical tables of the King of Kings [Murād III]" (Sidrat al-muntah al-afkar fi malkΕ«t al-falak al-dawār– al-zij al-Shāhinshāhi). The work was prepared according to the results of the observations carried out in Egypt and Istanbul in order to correct and complete Ulugh Beg's Zij as-Sultani. The first 40 pages of the work deal with calculations, followed by discussions of astronomical clocks, heavenly circles, and information about three eclipses which he observed at Cairo and Istanbul. For corroborating data of other observations of eclipses in other locales like Daud ar-Riyyadi (David the Mathematician), David Ben-Shushan of Salonika.

As a polymath, TaqΔ« al-DΔ«n wrote numerous books on astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, and theology. His method of finding coordinates of stars were reportedly so precise that he got better measurements than his contemporaries, Tycho Brahe and Nicolas Copernicus. Brahe is also thought to have been aware of al-DΔ«n's work.

TaqΔ« Ad-DΔ«n also described a steam turbine with the practical application of rotating a spit in 1551. He worked on and created astronomical clocks for his observatory. TaqΔ« Ad-DΔ«n also wrote a book on optics, in which he determined the light emitted from objects, proved the Law of Reflection observationally, and worked on refraction.

πŸ”— Yasuke – The First African Samurai

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Africa πŸ”— Japan πŸ”— Japan/History πŸ”— Japan/Biography

Yasuke (variously rendered as εΌ₯助 or εΌ₯δ»‹, 彌助 or ε½Œδ»‹ in different sources) was a man of African origin who served as a retainer under the Japanese daimyō Oda Nobunaga. In 1579, Yasuke arrived in Japan in the service of Italian Jesuit missionary Alessandro Valignano, Visitor of Missions in the Indies, in India.

Yasuke is thought by some to have been the first African that Nobunaga had ever seen and he was one of the many Africans to have come with the Portuguese to Japan during the Nanban trade. He was also present during the Honnō-ji Incident, the forced suicide of Nobunaga at the hands of his samurai general Akechi Mitsuhide on 21 June 1582.

πŸ”— Queen Elizabeth II has died

πŸ”— Biography πŸ”— Polynesia πŸ”— Australia πŸ”— Canada πŸ”— New Zealand πŸ”— Politics πŸ”— Women πŸ”— Biography/Royalty and Nobility πŸ”— Women's History πŸ”— United Kingdom πŸ”— Biography/politics and government πŸ”— Politics of the United Kingdom πŸ”— South Africa πŸ”— Zimbabwe πŸ”— Caribbean πŸ”— Melanesia πŸ”— Scouting/Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting πŸ”— Scouting πŸ”— Current events πŸ”— Malta πŸ”— Commonwealth πŸ”— Caribbean/Jamaica πŸ”— Canada/Political parties and politicians in Canada πŸ”— Polynesia/Niue πŸ”— Caribbean/Antigua and Barbuda πŸ”— Caribbean/Bahamas πŸ”— Zimbabwe/Rhodesia πŸ”— Polynesia/Cook Islands πŸ”— Caribbean/Saint Kitts and Nevis πŸ”— Polynesia/Tuvalu πŸ”— Belize πŸ”— Melanesia/Solomon Islands πŸ”— Caribbean/Barbados πŸ”— Grenada πŸ”— Canada/Governments of Canada πŸ”— Caribbean/Saint Lucia πŸ”— Caribbean/Saint Vincent and the Grenadines πŸ”— British Royalty πŸ”— Melanesia/Papua New Guinea

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom from 6Β February 1952 until her death in 2022. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the second-longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country. At the time of her death, Elizabeth was queen of 14 other Commonwealth realms in addition to the UK.

Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King GeorgeΒ VI and Queen Elizabeth). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother, King EdwardΒ VIII, making Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in April 2021. They had four children together: Charles III; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.

When her father died in February 1952, Elizabethβ€”then 25 years oldβ€”became queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories have gained independence and some realms have become republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include state visits to China in 1986, Russia in 1994, the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and visits with five Popes.

Significant events include Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum Jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Elizabeth was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, and the second-longest verifiable reigning sovereign monarch in world history, only behind Louis XIV of France. She faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family, particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. However, support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died on 8 September 2022 at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire. She was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.

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